John G. Neihardt

The interviews passed through Black Elk's son as interpreter before reaching Neihardt, who then shaped them into literary prose. The original stenographic transcripts, made public only in 1984, show precisely what he added, cut and reordered — including a closing passage he composed himself.

Raymond DeMallie, The Sixth Grandfather (1984), publishing the 1931 interview transcripts

A Nebraska poet who interviewed the Lakota holy man Black Elk through a double layer of translation and turned the conversations into the world's best-known book on Native American spirituality.

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