Gerald Gardner

His claimed 1939 initiation has no independent corroboration of any kind. Later textual scholarship has traced the actual rituals he taught to identifiable printed sources including Crowley's writings, a nineteenth-century folklore collection, and Freemasonry — nothing in the tradition he presented is attested before that undocumented 1939 initiation.

Gerald Gardner, Witchcraft Today (1954); Aidan Kelly (1991) and Ronald Hutton (1999), tracing the ritual sources

English civil servant who publicly launched modern Wicca in the 1950s, claiming initiation into a surviving pre-Christian witchcraft coven.

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