Tobacco Was the Master Plant

Wilbert (1991), from about 1,800 sources on nearly 300 societies, judged tobacco use far younger than shamanism: religion shaped the drug's meaning, not the reverse.

Johannes Wilbert, 'Does pharmacology corroborate the nicotine therapy and practices of South American shamanism?', Journal of Ethnopharmacology (1991), abstract

Tobacco as a shamanic plant in native South America, smoked, snuffed, drunk, licked or taken as an enema.

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