The Demiurge
For centuries this teaching was known mainly through hostile summaries by its opponents. A few original Gnostic books surfaced earlier, including a Coptic codex bought in Cairo in 1896 that contains the Apocryphon of John, but the 1945 Nag Hammadi discovery gave scholars a whole library of Gnostic accounts in their own words.
Plato, Timaeus, on the benevolent demiourgos; the Berlin Codex (Papyrus Berolinensis 8502, bought in Cairo in 1896); the Nag Hammadi Library (discovered December 1945)
In Gnostic teaching, a lesser, ignorant creator god responsible for the flawed material world — a deliberate inversion of Plato's benevolent divine craftsman.